Inter-application communication (IAC) is essential for seamless integration across distributed systems. Early middleware solutions like CORBA and DCOM lacked scalability, while SOA's modularity was hindered by rigidity. The shift to microservices and RESTful APIs improved scalability but struggled with real-time interaction. Event-driven architectures (EDA) like Kafka enhanced asynchronous messaging but introduced complexity. Advances in gRPC, Protocol Buffers, and zero-trust security models improved efficiency but posed adoption challenges. Cross-platform tools like Apache Thrift and Kubernetes addressed interoperability but required significant expertise.
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